Unstimulated Whole Salivary (SLPI & IL-1RA) Levels in Relation to the Cigarette Smoking at Periodontitis Patients

Abstract

Background: Gingivitis/periodontitis is one of the widespread chronic diseases affecting the supporting structures of teeth. Tobacco smoking is a significant risk factor for periodontitis and may affect the vasculature, the humeral immune system and the inflammatory system. The aim of the present study was the determination of salivary biomarkers including Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor (SLPI) and Interleukin - 1Receptor Antagonist (IL-1RA) at periodontitis subjects with and without cigarette smoking habit. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects [34 (56.7%) females and 26 (43.3%) males] with periodontitis were examined, the age range was between (18-36) years. The subjects were divided into a group of 40 non-smokers and another group of 20 smokers. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each subject; gingival index (GI) and periodontal disease index were recorded during clinical visit. Levels of salivary SLPI and IL- 1RA were measured by using ELISA immunoassay analysis. Results: The median attachment loss and pocket depth were significantly different (P = 0.019, P = 0.038 respectively) among periodontitis cases with smoking habit. The median loss of attachment and pocket depth were significantly higher in the smoking group (1.48 and 2.13 respectively) compared to the non-smoking group (0.42 and 1.42 respectively), whereas the median GI showed no significant difference (P = 0.28). The Salivary SLPI level was elevated in the smoking group, whereas the salivary IL-1RA level was decreased but this decreasing failed to reach statistical significant level (P = 0.39 and P = 0.97). Conclusion: The median attachment loss and pocket depth increase at smokers in comparison to non-smokers subjects. Salivary biomarkers including SLPI and IL-1RA can be used as predictors for progression of periodontitis.