مقارنـة تأثيـر طـرق ري مختلفـة ببعض المعاييـر المائيـة والفيزيائيـة ونمـو وحاصـل الطماطـة

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2010 at AL-Sufia district - Ramadi, AL-Anbar governorate, the research was conducted on a clay loam soil , classified as typic torrifluvent to study the effect of irrigation methods : exudation irrigation , drip irrigation and partial rootzone drying ( sub surface irrigation ) , manuring and soil mulching with black polyethylene on some soil physical properties such as moisture release curve , irrigation efficiency and water use efficiency and then on growth and yield of tomatoes, also the study aimed to determining water consumptive use tomato crop under these experimental conditions. Soil service was conducted such as ploughing , leveling and softening. The experiment consisted of two factors which were :- 1-Irrigation methods : a- Exudation irrigation : it is the frist study in field application. b - Partial rootzone dry . c - Surface drip irrigation . 2 - Management treatments which include : d - Mulching with black polyethylene . e -Manuring . f - Control ( without mulching or manuring) . Treatments were arranged in a factorial experimental (RCBD) design with three replicates, planting conducted with super marimond class in 10/3/2010 and completed in 1 / 7/ 2010 . Irrigation dependedon schedule evaporation data from evaporation pan class A, also we study moisture distribution in three times during growth season .For the distance 0 - 60 cm in horizontal direction ,0 – 40cm in vertical direction from the emitter, moistural distribution curve was drawn using ( surfer) program , at the end of the season some of the physical properties of the study treatments was estimated like mean weight diameter, bulk density, soil porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltration .Crop coefficient was estimated at exudation irrigation for the three stages. It is the first study in this field, also some indicators of growth and of tomato production, consumptive use estimation B and water use efficiency were estimated. The results can be summarized as follow : 1- Increase moisture content at drip source and decrease with distance from emitter horizontally and vertically after irrigation process finishing also it decrease as growth stages developed for the three irrigation systems . 2- Exudation irrigation caused density values rate reduction and increase soil porosity as it reached to 1.32 in comparison with 1.35 and 1.41 Mgm.m-3 for surface drip irrigation and PRD respectively, and increment in porosity to 0.50 in comparison with0.49 and0.46 respectively .The addition of organic material caused the reduction in values rate of this density to 1.30 Mgm .m-3 in comparison with1.36 Mgm.m-3 and increment in porosity to 0.51in comparison with 0.48 for the control . The mulching caused increment in values rate of the density to1.42 in comparison with 1.36Mgm.m-3 and reduction of porosity to 0.46 in comparison with 0.48 for the control . 3- The results showed increment in mean weight diameter at exudation irrigation significantly, as it reached to 0.35 in comparison with 0.32 and 0.31mm of surface drip irrigation treatment and PRD respectively , but there are no significant differences between SDI and PRD. The addition of organic material caused increment in mean weight diameter as reach 0.36mm and 0.34 mm for the control. The mulching caused significant reduction to 0.28mm in comparison with 0.34 and 0.36 mm for the control and mulching respectively. 4- Exudation irrigation method caused significant increment in values rate of saturated hydraulic conductivity which reached 6.85 cm.hr-1 while it was 6.58 and 6.51 cm .hr-1 in SDI and PRD respectively. The addition of organic material caused significant increment in values rate of saturated hydraulic conductivity to attain 7.32 in comparison with 5.89 and 6.71cm.hr-1 for mulching and control respectively , while at mulching with black polyethylene caused reduction of values rate of this conductivity significantly as it reached 5.89 cm . hr-1 in comparison with 6.71 and 7.32 cm.hr-1 for the control and mulching respectively . C 5- The addition of organic material caused increment in basic infiltration rate by 13.25%, 12.20 % and 12.94% for SDI, PRD and exudation irrigation respectively , at the same time there is reduction in basic infiltration rate on mulching by 6.02%, 8.54% and 2.35% for these irrigation methods respectively, in comparison between addition and mulching, the addition of organic material caused increment in basic infiltration rate by 20.51%, 18.50% and 15.66% for these three irrigation methods respectively. 6- The results showed the crop coefficient of tomato at exudation irrigation which reached at first time was ( 0.72, 0.82 and 0.49) for vegetative growth stage, flowering and fruit set stage and maturity stage respectively. 7- The irrigation methods had significant effect on root depth rate which attains ( 39.31, 32.25 and 33.60 ) cm for SDI ,PRD and exudation irrigation respectively. The addition of organic material caused significant increment of root depth rate which was 38.54 cm in comparison with 33.36 and 36.27 cm for treatments means of mulching and control for the three irrigation systems respectively. 8- The addition of organic material caused significant increment in values rate of stem diameter and plant height and leaf area which reached (1.53cm,100.45 cm and37.85dm2 .plant-1 ) in comparison with treatments means of control by the three irrigation systems which were (1.33cm, 88.00cm and 28.56 dm2 .plant-1 ), soil mulching affect values rate of stem diameter , plant height and leaf area to reach ( 1.45 cm, 93.01 cm and 29.92 dm2 . plant-1 ) in comparison with control treatments for the three irrigation methods respectively. 9- The results showed that these three irrigation methods have an effect on values rate of early yield and the total yield Which reached( 10.62, 11.87 and 10.13) t.ha-1 for the early yield and ( 29.91, 32.22 and 28.22) t.ha-1 for the total yield in SDI, PRD and exudation irrigation respectively. The addition of organic material and mulching increased values rate of early and total yield which reached (12.80and 11.02 ) t.ha-1 for the early yield and ( 34.36 and 31.11) t.ha-1 for the total yield D respectively, as compared with ( 8.80 and 24.36 ) t.ha-1 for the control treatment. 10-The exudation irrigation led to reduction in consumptive use of tomato crop as it became 431.20mm in comparison to 534.52mm by SDI and PRD with a reduction by 19. 33%. 11-The mulching and organic material addition increased the irrigation efficiency by 6.46% and 5.12% respectively in comparison with control treatments by SDI, and increased by 2.44% and1.71% by PRD respectively. Also there is increment in irrigation efficiency at mulching in comparison to addition of organic material, as it reached 1.34% and 0.73% in SDI and PRD respectively, while at exudation irrigation it reached 100% for control treatments. 12-The irrigation methods have significant effect on values rate of water use efficiency which reached ( 21.39, 23.04 and 25.01) kg.m-3 for SDI, PRD and exudation irrigation treatments respectively. The addition of organic material and mulching caused increment in values rate of water use efficiency which reached ( 26.79 and 23.92 ) kg.m-3 respectively as compared to control which was 18.72 kg. m-3 , when we compare between the addition and mulching, these values show the organic material addition has the greatest effect as compared with mulching effect