تأثير التداخل بين نظام الري الموجي وإضافة زيت الوقـود في المقنـن المائـي لمحصـول الـذرة الصفـراء

Abstract

Field experiment was conducted on a farm at Sofia area during autumn season 2005-2006 on a sandy loam soil. Classifical as typic Torrifluvent, a compersion between surge and continuous flow irrigation is done for furrows irrigation methods. This study was performed with and without application of soil with fuel oil. Fuel oil was incorporated with surface soil at a depth of 0.05 m and 1% of it's dry weight. Field has divided into 3 replicates. Spaces with width 1m between replicates has left. Each replicate has divided into 4 furrows (0.25 m in depth, 100 m length, with 0.1% slop) with spaces 0.75 m between furrows. Random soil samples were taken in the field at a depth of 0-0.3 m to study some physical and chemical properties of soil before and after fuel oil application. Fuel oil was dissolved with benzene at 20% on the volume basis before its application to the soil. Infiltration was measured experimental blocks using the double-ring infiltration. Study factors included 4 treatments which are: 1- Continuous irrigation without application. 2- Continuous irrigation with application. 3- Surge irrigation without application. 4- Surge irrigation with application. Cycle ratio was 0.5 with discharge of 2.5 litter/sec. After two day from irrigation of all treatments (calibration irrigation) yellow corn (Zea mays L.) variety (EPA 5012) was planted in autumn season (23-24/7/2006). Factorial experiment was used with randomized complete block design (RCBD). The first studies in Iraq to knowledg the effect of fuel oil application and surge irrigation system. Where we didn’t find any studies about this project. Result of this study can be summarized as flowing: First: surge irrigation. Using surge irrigation system resulted in the flowing: 1- Increase in the percentages of saved water in different ratios. It reached 15% for first five periods of irrigation while it was 12.1% for twelve periods of irrigation. B 2- The Infiltration rate decreased by 41.1%, while the basic infiltration rate decreased by 43.55% and the cumulative depth of infiltration decreased from 53.17 cm to 31.39 cm during the 8 hectares period of infiltration measurement. 3- Irrigation efficiency was increased and it was 69.5% comparing with continual 44.9%. 4- Increase in water use efficiency which was 1.16 kg/m3 while it was only 0.99 kg/m3 for the control (17.2% increase ) 5- A delay in recession time. 6- Infiltration process was stopped for 1 minute the beginning of second and third surge. 7- Total yield was increase by 2.8% (it was 8036 kg/ha comparing with 7817 kg/ha for the continual) Second: Application of fuel oil. The incorporation of 1% fuel oil with the soil led to some changes of following: 1- Decrease in infiltration rate 6.65 cm/hr to 5.89 cm/hr (11.43%), also rate of base infiltration was decreased from 6.20 cm/hr to 5.50 cm/hr (11.3%), the cumulative depth of infiltration decreased from 53.17 cm to 47.13 cm (11.36%) during the 8hr periods of infiltration measurement. 2- Application of fuel oil to continual irrigation resulted in saving of irrigation water about 24.8% for the first five periods while it was 23.7% for the twelve periods. 3- There was increase in irrigation efficiency and use at ratio of 77.9% comparing with 44.9% for the control, as for the water use efficiency it reached 1.39 kg/m3 comparing with 0.99 kg/m3 for the control. 4- Total yield of crop was increased from 8354 kg/hectare comparing with 7817 kg/hectare for the control. Third: interaction of surge irrigation and application of fuel oil resulted in the following: 1- Reach a higher ratio of saved water was achieved with the first five periods of irrigation and was 31.63% and 26.3% for the twelve periods of irrigation. 2- Infiltration rate was decreased from 6.65 cm/hr to 2.58 cm/hr (61.2%), also base infiltration rate was decreased from 6.20 C cm/hr to 2.30 cm/hr (62.9%), accumulative infiltration was also decreased from 53.17 cm to 20.67 cm (61.12%). 3- Infiltration process was stopped for 1 minute with the beginning of second and third surge. 4- Water irrigation efficiency and water use efficiency were increased by 86.5% comparing with 44.9% for the control, as for the use efficiency it was 1.52 kg/m3 comparing with 0.99 kg/m3 for the control. 5- Increase in the total yield of corn crop. It reached 8800 kg/hectare and it was the highest productivity to be reached comparing with control 7817 kg/hectare and 8036 kg/hectare for the surge irrigation and 8354 kg/hectare for the soil application. 6- Estimate a new discharge water for this variety which is equal to 589 mm.