Synthesis of Gold and Magnesium Oxide Nanomaterials using Prosopis farcta Extract as Anticancer and Antibacterial Agents

Abstract

Prosopis farcta plant obtained from a local source and used as a natural source for preparing the nanomaterials using the biological pathway, as this method is considered safe, fast, and inexpensive compared to the chemical and physical methods that are polluting methods for the environment and high cost and consumes high energy to complete the process of preparing the nanomaterials. One of the most important goals of nano-therapy is to raise the therapeutic efficacy and selectivity of the drug and to overcome its cell resistance, which is an obstacle in the field of medical research. The current study aims to assess the efficiency of nanomaterials for gold and magnesium oxide in killing human cancer cells outside the body of a type of breast cancer and compare them with the rate of inhibition of natural cells and also the efficiency of these nanomaterials in inhibiting the growth of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Gold and magnesium oxide nanomaterials were prepared using leaf extract of Prosopis farcta, which consider a rich source of phytochemicals that led to the reduction of Au+3 to Au0 atoms by providing electrons for these ions. Also, these phytochemicals of the extract disintegrate in heat generated oxygen that is associated with magnesium form magnesium oxide nanomaterials. Characterization results for the formation of gold nanoparticles using the UV-Visible absorption spectrum showed a wide and sharp peak at 532 nm. The infrared absorption spectrum showed several peaks ranging from (400 - 4000) cm -1 evidence of interaction of gold nanoparticles with the phytochemicals that exist in the extract. X-ray diffraction examination also showed the formation of gold nanoparticles by comparing them with the reference card (ICDD card No. 03-065-2870). Atomic force microscope (AFM) examination displayed the formation of nanoparticles with a diameter ranging between (55-65) nm. As the images of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed spherical nanomaterials also the images of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed nanoparticles within the effective range of nanomaterials (1-100) nm. IX Characterization results for the formation of magnesium oxide nanowires using the UV-Visible Absorption Spectrum showed an absorption peak at 295 nm. The infrared absorption spectrum showed several peaks ranging from (400-4000) cm-1 evidence of the formation of magnesium oxide nanowires. X-ray diffraction examination also showed the formation of magnesium oxide nanowires by comparison with JCPDS No. 98-000-5910. An examination of the atomic force microscope (AFM) showed the formation of nanowires within a range of (60-80) nm. TEM images also showed the formation of nanomaterials in the form of wires. Cancer cells and normal cells were exposed to a series of gold nanoparticles concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100) µM, and the inhibition rate of growth in cells was measured for 72 hours. The cytotoxicity examination showed that there was a highly toxic effect on the cancer cells compared to the normal cells. The inhibition rate in the cancer cells was (4.66 ± 1.20, 13 ± 1.73, 37 ± 2.30, 59 ± 2.64, 77 ± 3.21) respectively, while the inhibition rate in the normal cells was (1.60 ± 0.34, 3 ± 0.75, 5.13 ± 0.52, 6.46 ± 0.86, 10.37 ± 1.08), respectively. A series of magnesium oxide nanowires concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100) µM were added to the cancer cells and the normal cells, and the inhibition rate of growth in cells was measured for 72 hours. The cytotoxicity examination displayed an important effect on the cancer cells, unlike the normal cells. The inhibition rate in cancer cells was (3.33 ± 0.88, 11.67 ± 0.88, 32.76 ± .60, 51.76 ± 1.76, 67.33 ± 1.85), respectively, while the inhibition rate in normal cells was (2.33 ± 0.40, 4.9 ± 0.49, 7.03 ± 0.64, 8.56 ± 0.64, 12.70 ± 0.51), respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was exposed to a series of concentrations prepared from nanomaterials of gold and magnesium oxide (20, 10, 5, 2.5) mM. The results exhibited that the rate of bacterial growth inhibition increased with decreasing concentration that the inhibition rate was (± 11 ± 0.32, 13.92 ± 1.88, 17.60 ± 2.20, 19.85 ± 3.21), for gold nanoparticles respectively, and (9.95 ± 1.03, 12.83 ± 1.20, 15.3 ± 3.82, 18.2 ± 3.02) for magnesium oxide nanowires, respectively