Morphological And Molecular Evaluation of Genetic Variation For Number of Maize Zea mays L. Inbred

Abstract

A Abstract A full - diallel cross was carried out among six inbred lines of maize (Zm5, Zm1, Zm6, Zm2, Zm3 and Zm4) in the Fall season 2016 In the Field of Experiments Returned to the Department of Field Crops College of Agriculture, University of Anbar (alternative site - Abu Ghraib - Baghdad). And was evaluated in the spring season 2017 In one of the fields of farmers in the Sufi area of the city of Ramadi in western Iraq At 33.28º north latitude and 43.21º east longitude, Comparative experience included the cultivation of seeds of inbred lines and hybrids resulting from crossing among them Which included 30 hybrids direct and reciprocal crosses as well as a single hybrid (Pioneer), Using the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replicates. The study aimed to evaluate the behavior of parental, direct and reciprocal combinations by conventional and molecular methods. The results of the study showed the following: The genotypes differed significantly among all studied traits. It was the phenotypic performance of the two inbred lines 1 and 3 Distinct after having obtained the highest values for grain yield (9.07 and 9.16 Tons ha-1 sequentially). The superiority of these two inbred lines was reflected in the diallel cross (1x3) resulting from their crossing when given the highest grain yield (12.11 Tons ha-1) . Most diallel crosses and reciprocal crosses gave significant values to the hybrid vigor in most studied traits. The results of the genetic analysis were indicated by method the first Griffing (1956) method and the fixed model to the mean squares general combining ability and specific in diallel crosses and reciprocal crosses Was highly significance for most studied traits, Which emphasizes the importance of additive gene and non-additive gene action In controlling inheritance traits, Parents 1 and 3 showed an desirable effect of their general combining ability in several traits, The most important of which is the grain yield (0.43 and 0.69 sequentially), and some of the hybrids showed desirable effect of specific combining ability of grain yield and a number of other traits. The ratio of the variation of the effect of the general combining ability to the specific in the diallel crosses and reciprocal crosses was less than the correct one for all the studied traits, with the exception of the area of the ear leaf in the opposite direction. This is confirmed by the results, which pointed to the greater importance of non-additive gene action in the in heritability of most of the studied traits, While it was an additive gene action more effective in heritability the area of the ear leaf in the direction of reciprocal. The degree of dominion was greater than one for most traits studied in diallel crossing and reciprocal crossing, The percentage of heritability was high values in the broad sense and low in the narrow sense of most of the traits studied in diallel crosses and reciprocal crosses. The results of the reciprocal B effect assessment were significant in all the crosses and showed the extent of the genetic diversity between the parents on the one hand, and the importance of cytoplasmic genetic in improving the characteristics of maize crop on the other. In cluster analysis, inbred line 2 was isolated in a lateral and independent cluster with an Euclidian distance of 132.94, while two subgroups of the first hybrid were found to be 1x3 and 130.45, while the other contained the remaining genotypes with an atherosclerosis of 63.99. The results of the molecular analysis of the markers of RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) showed that the five primers were successful in Show approximately 39 fragment within the genomes of the parental inbred lines and their diallel crosses and reciprocal crosses, 32 polymorphic loci with a percentage of polymorphism of 82%, The results of the ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) markers showed that the five prefixes used were particularly successful when compared with RAPD markers. As it showed almost 55 fragment, 54 of which are polymorphism and 98% are polymorphic. The results of cluster analysis of the observed fragments were very similar in both techniques (RAPD and ISSR) used in the study. The genotypes were separated into three main groups according to the nearest neighbor method. The two breeds 1 and 2 were the most divergent, as they belonged to the two most heterogeneous groups on both ends of the hierarchical assembly.